Which option is NOT listed among stimulators of erythropoiesis besides erythropoietin?

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Multiple Choice

Which option is NOT listed among stimulators of erythropoiesis besides erythropoietin?

Erythropoiesis can be modulated by several hormones besides erythropoietin. Growth hormone can promote erythroid progenitor proliferation and, via IGF-1, support overall erythropoiesis. Testosterone boosts red cell production both by increasing erythropoietin synthesis and by acting directly on erythroid precursors, leading to higher RBC mass. Prolactin also has erythropoietic effects in certain settings, helping sustain erythroid development. Insulin does not have a recognized direct stimulatory role in erythropoiesis; red cell production relies mainly on erythropoietin and iron availability, with insulin not serving as a primary driver.

Erythropoiesis can be modulated by several hormones besides erythropoietin. Growth hormone can promote erythroid progenitor proliferation and, via IGF-1, support overall erythropoiesis. Testosterone boosts red cell production both by increasing erythropoietin synthesis and by acting directly on erythroid precursors, leading to higher RBC mass. Prolactin also has erythropoietic effects in certain settings, helping sustain erythroid development. Insulin does not have a recognized direct stimulatory role in erythropoiesis; red cell production relies mainly on erythropoietin and iron availability, with insulin not serving as a primary driver.

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